Juvenile Justice in California: Facts & Issues2. Bob Fellmuth, California Children's Budget 1995-96, 6-4.
3. Bob Fellmuth, California Children's Budget, 1996-97, 9-13.
4. Peter Greenwood, Karyn Model, Peter Rydell and James Chies, RAND, Diverting Children from a Life of Crime: Measuring Costs and Benefits, 5, 6.
5. Claude S. Fischer, Michael Hout, Martin Sanchez Jankowski, Samuel R. Lucas, Ann Swidler, and Kim Voss, sociologists at U.C. Berkeley, Inequality by Design, Cracking the Bell Curve Myth, 1996, 12, 93.
6. Learning Disabilities Association of California, The GRAM, Vol 29, No. 3, 1995, 1.
7. Ibid, 3.
8. Center for Disease Control, The Prevention of Youth Violence, 7
9. Elizabeth Thoman, Better Viewing Magazine, May/June 1995, Break the Circle of Blame, 11.
10. The State Bar of California Youth Legal Poll, Charlton Research Company, Executive Summary, 1996.
11. The Little Hoover Commission, The Juvenile Crime Challenge: Making Prevention a Priority, 1994, Cover Letter to the Governor and Members of the Legislature.
12. Peter Greenwood et. al., Diverting Children from a Life of Crime: Measuring Costs and Benefits, 7.
13. Office of Juvenile Justice Delinquency Planning (OJJDP), Guide for Implementing the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders, 1995, 58, 59.
14. Ibid, 58
15. U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect, A Nation's Shame, 14, 141.
16. Carnegie Corporation of New York, Starting Points: Meeting the Needs of our Youngest Children, The Report of the Carnegie Task Force on Meeting the Needs of Young Children, 1994.
17. OJJDP, Guide for Implementing the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders, 1995, 60.
18. American Bar Association Presidential Working Group on the Unmet Legal Needs of Children and Their Families, America's Children at Risk: A National Agenda for Legal Action, 1993, 33.
19. Peter Greenwood et. al., Diverting Children from a Life of Crime: Measuring Costs and Benefits, 9, 10.
20. Peggy Lyons, independent evaluator, Evaluation of SAPID for Santa Monica City Council, December 1995.
21. Peter Greenwood, et. al., Diverting Children from a Life of Crime: Measuring Costs and Benefits, 10, 11.
22. Bob Fellmuth, California Children's Budget, 1995-96, 8-2.
23. OJJDP, Guide for Implementing the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders, 1995, 96
24. Ibid, 100-110.
25. Little Hoover Commission, op. cit., 65, 66.
26. Ibid, 66.
27. Ibid, 64.
28. Pedro Noguera, Assistant Professor, U. C. Berkeley Graduate School of Education, Wellness Lecture, Reducing and Preventing Youth Violence: An Analysis of Causes and an Assessment of Successful Programs, 1995, 9-14.
29. Ibid, 17-19.
31. Kate Fogel, California Child Youth and Family Coalition, in a speech at the Children's Hospital in Los Angeles, Trends and Policies in the Juvenile Justice System.
32. California Department of Education, School Safety and Violence Prevention Office, Guidelines: for the SB65 School-Based Pupil Motivation and Maintenance Programs, 1995.
33. California Department of Education, School Safety and Violence Prevention Office, M&M Outcome Writing Manual, The Cycle of Inquiry, 1995, 3.
34. California Commission on Teaching Credentialing Advisory Panel on School Violence Final Report, Creating Caring Relationships to Foster Academic Excellence: Recommendations For Reducing Violence in California Schools, 1994, 54, 55.
35. Little Hoover Commission, op. cit., iv, 66.
36. California Department of Education, School Attendance Review Boards Handbook: Operations and Resources, 1995, 1.
37. California Department of Education, School Safety and Violence Prevention Office, Program Advisory: Expulsion Policies and Educational Placements, March 1996.
38. California Welfare and Institutions Code, Section 202, as found in The Little Hoover Commission Report, The Juvenile Crime Challenge: Making Prevention a Priority, 1994, 149.
39. The Little Hoover Commission, op. cit., 7, 8.
40. Robert E. Shepherd, Jr., Professor of Law at Richmond Law School, Juvenile Justice, Criminal Justice, Summer 1995, 39.
41. Peter Greenwood of RAND, in a statement to the California Task Force to Review Juvenile Crime and the Juvenile Justice Response, in the Task Force Report, 1996, Section 2.1.
42. Legislative Analyst's Office (LAO), Juvenile Crime: Outlook for California, 1995, 22.
43. Orange County Probation Department, The "8% Problem": Chronic Juvenile Offender Recidivism: Exploratory Research Findings and Implications for Problem Solutions, Executive Summary, 1994.
44. California Youth Authority, Research Division, California Juvenile Hall Population Summary Reports, 1.
45. Peter Greenwood, in a statement to the California Task Force to Review Juvenile Crime and the Juvenile Justice Response, in the Task Force Report, 1996, Section 2. 1.
46. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 1993, Supplemental Homicide Reports 1976-1991.
47. Alfred Blumstein, Ph.D., Violence by Young People: Why the Deadly Nexus? National Institute of Justice Journal, U.S. Department of Justice, August 1995, 2-9.
48. Dan Macallair, Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice, San Francisco, Reaffirming Rehabilitation in Juvenile Justice, Youth & Society, Vol.25 No.1, September 1993, 109, 110.
49. Jones, Michael A. and Krisberg Barry, National Council on Crime and Delinquency, Images and Reality: Juvenile Crime, Youth Violence and Public Policy, 1994, 10-18.
50. OJJDP, Children in Custody Census 1990/1991.
51. California District Attorneys Association, Reforming the Juvenile Justice System: The Prosecutor's Perspective on Juvenile Justice Reform, 1996, 4.
52. Legislative Analyst's Office, op. cit., 53
53. Little Hoover Commission, op. cit., 118.
54. Ibid, 117.
55. Pedro Noguera, op. cit., 6.
56. Little Hoover Commission, op. cit., 114, 115.
57. CYA, Population Management and Facilities Master Plan 1995-200, 1995, as presented to the California Task Force to Review Juvenile Crime.
58. Senator Bill Lockyer, Senate Bill 760, 1995, Executive Summary, 2.
59. Ibid, 12
61. W&I Code, Sec. 707d.
62. Pedro Noguera, op. cit., 5.
63. LWV Illinois, The Death Penalty as It Applies to Minors, 1995.
64. Robert E. Shepherd, Jr., op. cit., 42.
65. California District Attorneys Association, Reforming the Juvenile Justice System: The Prosecutor's Perspective on Juvenile Justice Reform, 1996, Preface, 1, 2.
66. The Los Angeles County District Attorney's Recommendations, 1996.
67. OJJDP, Juvenile Offenders and Victims: A National Report, 1995, 91.
68. Jones, Michael A. and Barry Krisberg, op. cit., 30.
69. OJJDP, Juvenile Offenders and Victims: A National Report, 144.
70. Jones, Michael A. And Barry Krisberg, op. cit., 30, 31.
71. OJJDP, Juvenile Offenders and Victims: A National Report, 92.
72. Ibid, 93.
73. James Austin, PhD. Juanita Dimas, David Steinhart, J.D., The Over-Representation of Minority Youth in the California Juvenile Justice System, A Report to the California State Advisory Group on Juvenoe Justice and the Office of Criminal Justice Planning, 1992.
74. Jones and Krisberg, op. cit., 31.
75. OJJDP/Girls Incorporated National Resource Center, Prevention and Parity: Girls in Juvenile Justice, 1996, iii.
76. Ibid, iii, iv.
77. OJJDP, Children in Custody, 1993.
78. OJJDP/Girls Incorporated, Prevention and Parity: Girls in Juvenile Justice, iv.
79. Ibid, v.
81. Ibid, vi.
82. Department of the Youth Authority Research Division, California Juvenile Camps and Ranches Population, 1995, 4, 5.
83. Peter Greenwood, Diverting Children from a Life of Crime: Measuring Costs and Benefits, 11.
84. Little Hoover Commission, op. cit., vii, ix.
85. OJJDP, Guide for Implementing the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders, 133.
86. OJJDP, Balanced and Restorative Justice: Program Summary, 1.
87. The Little Hoover Commission, op. cit., 17, 18.
88. Steve Lerner, The Good News about Juvenile Justice: The movement away from large institutions and toward community-based services, Commonweal Research Institute and the National Council on Crime and Delinquency, 1990, 21.
89. Dan Macallair, Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice, in presentation to the California Task Force to Review Juvenile Crime, November, 1995.
90. The Little Hoover Commission, op. cit., 17, 18.
91. Ibid, 56-58.
92. Ibid, 58, 59.
93. Gary Yates, California Wellness Foundation, in testimony to the Little Hoover Commission, May, 1994, as quoted in the Little Hoover Commission report: The Juvenile Crime Challenge: Making Prevention a Priority.
94. The Little Hoover Commission, op. cit., 38.
96. Peter Greenwood, op. cit., 41.
97. David Steinhart, Commonweal, Strategies and Programs for the Prevention of Youth Violence in the United States, prepared for the National Governors Association, 1994, 28.
98. Ibid, in a memo to the California Task Force to Review Juvenile Crime, May 1996.
99. Ibid, Strategies and Programs for the Prevention of Youth Violence in the United States, 28, 29.
100. LAO, op. cit., 66.
Juvenile Justice in California: Facts & Issues TOC